Table of Contents

Foreword i

Glossary iv

List of abbreviations viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY ix
CHAPTER 1: National Context 1
1.1 Background of the Recent Education Reform and Its Priorities 1
1.2 Major Factors that Influenced Teacher Policy 4
1.3 Trends in the Current Government`s Reform of Teacher Policy 7
1.4 Data and Trends Influencing Teacher Policy· 11
1.4.1 The Demographic Context 11
1.4.2 The Labor Market Trends 12
1.4.3 The Education Budget 13
1.5 Public Perception about Teachers 14

CHAPTER 2 : School System and Teaching Workforce 16
2.1 The School System 16
2.1.1 Structure of Schooling 16
2.1.2 The Type and Number of Schools 18
2.2 The Division of Responsibilities among Different Levels of Governments 21
2.3 Teaching Workforce 24
2.3.1 Teaching Staff 24
2.3.2 School Staff Other than Teachers 28
2.4 Indicators of Teacher Shortage 30
2.4.1 Primary Education 30
2.4.2 Secondary Education 32
2.5 Teacher Policy Development 33
2.6 Teacher Unions and Professional Organizations 37

CHAPTER 3 : Attracting Able People into Teaching Profession 40
3.1 Pathways to Become Teachers 40
3.2 Trends of Students Entering Teacher education Institutions 41
3.3 Trends of Returning Teachers 42
3.4 Attractiveness of Teaching Career 45
3.4.1 Teachers` Legal Status and Social Standing 45
3.4.2 Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of Teaching Career 47

CHAPTER 4 : Educating, Developing and Certifying Teachers 49
4.1 Initial Teacher Training 49
4.1.1 Initial Teacher Training Institutions 49
4.1.2 Problems Associated with Initial Teacher Training 52
4.2 Certification 54
4.3 In-service Training 58

CHAPTER 5 : Recruiting, Selecting and Assigning Teachers 63
5.1 The Recruitment and Selection of Teachers 63
5.2 Teacher Assignment 68

CHAPTER 6: Retaining Effective Teachers 70
6.1 Leaving the Profession and Teacher Absenteeism 70
6.2 Teacher Promotion 72
6.3 Teacher Salary 75
6.4 Welfare System 78
6.5 Teacher Evaluation 80
6.6 Work Environment 81
6.7 Professional Mobility 85
6.8 Retirement Age 86
References 89
Appendices 91